FIZIKA O‘QITISHDA METAKOGNITIV KO’NIKMALARNI RIVOJLANTIRISHNING NAZARIY PEDAGOGIK ASOSLARI

Kirish: bugungi kunda dunyo miqyosida tan olingan ilmiy maktablar va nufuzli oliy o‘quv yurtlari tomonidan metakognitiv strategiyalarni ta’lim jarayoniga joriy etish bo‘yicha izchil tadqiqotlar olib borilmoqda. Cambridge, Harvard, Stenford, Utrecht va Melbourne universitetlari, shuningdek, Finlyandiya, Angliya va Singapur kabi ilg‘or ta’lim tizimlariga ega mamlakatlarda o‘quvchilarning mustaqil fikrlashini rivojlantirishga qaratilgan zamonaviy yondashuvlar keng qo‘llanmoqda. Fizika fanida bu yondashuvlar – ovoz chiqarib fikrlash, o‘z-o‘ziga savol berish, o‘rganish kundaliklari, dars bo‘yicha refleksiya va tengdoshlar bilan muloqot orqali amalga oshiriladi. Ular o‘quvchilarda o‘z bilimini anglash, tahlil qilish va o‘rganish strategiyalarini mustaqil tanlash ko‘nikmalarini shakllantirishda muhim omil hisoblanadi. Maqsad: ushbu tadqiqotning asosiy maqsadi - umumiy ta’lim maktablarida fizika darslarini o‘qitish faoliyatida o‘quvchilarning metakognitiv faoliyatlarini rivojlantirish orqali ularning tushunish darajasini oshirish va o‘z-o‘zini nazorat qilish ko‘nikmalarini yaxshilashdan iborat. Materiallar va metodlar: flavell metakognitiv faoliyatlarni ikki asosiy qismga ajratadi: metakognitiv bilim va metakognitiv nazorat strategiyalari. Ushbu ikki komponent o‘quvchilarning o‘rganish faoliyatlarini tushunish va samarali boshqarish qobiliyatlarini shakllantirishda hal qiluvchi ahamiyatga ega. Brown o‘quv materialini tushunish va eslab qolishda metakognitiv strategiyalarning muhimligini ta’kidlaydi, masalan, o‘z-o‘zini so‘roqlash, xulosa chiqarish va bilimlarni o‘zaro bog‘lash. Lev Vygotskiyning ta’lim nazariyalari orasida, uning "Yaqin Rivojlanish Zonasi" tushunchasi metakognitsiya bilan chambarchas bog‘liq. Uning fikricha, o‘quvchilar o‘zlarining mustaqil hal qila olmaydigan muammolarni, lekin boshqalar yordamida hal qila olishgan darajadagi vazifalarni bajarish orqali eng yaxshi o‘rganadilar. Bu faoliyat o‘quvchilarning metakognitiv ko‘nikmalarini rivojlantirish uchun imkoniyat yaratadi, chunki ular o‘z bilimlarini qanday qo‘llash va strategiyalarini qanday tanlash kerakligini o‘rganadilar. Georgia Stephanou va MariaHelena Mpiontini ularning metakognitiv o‘z-o‘zini baholash modelini taklif qilishgan. Ular o‘z modellarida metakognitsiyani uch asosiy qismga ajratadilar: o‘z-o‘zini rejalashtirish, monitoring qilish va baholash. Ushbu model o‘quvchilarning o‘z o‘rganish faoliyatlarini qanday qabul qilishini va qanday samarali boshqarishini tushunishda muhimdir. Ushbu nazariyalar metakognitsiyaning tushunchasi va uning ta’limdagi rolini chuqurroq tushunish uchun qimmatli manba hisoblanadi. Metakognitsiya shaxsning o‘z bilimini, o‘rganish strategiyalarini va o‘rganish faoliyatini qanday qabul qilishi, tahlil qilishi va nazorat qilishini o‘z ichiga oladi. Muhokama va natijalar: ushbu maqolada fizika fanini o‘qitishda o‘quvchilarning metakognitiv faoliyatlarini rivojlantiruvchi zamonaviy yondashuvlar va metodlar tahlil qilinadi. An’anaviy darslardan boshlab interaktiv, muammoli o‘qitish va laboratoriya tajribalari kabi turli metodlar ko‘rib chiqiladi. Metakognitiv bilim va strategiyalar ham ta'lim jarayonida qanday qo‘llanilishi mumkinligi haqida muhokama qilinadi. Tanlab olingan o‘quv auditoriyalarida olib borilgan tajriba-sinov ishlari natijalariga asosan kelib chiqqan xulosalar tahlili ko‘rib chiqilgan. Bu usullar orqali o’quvchilar nafaqat nazariy bilimlarini mustahkamlaydilar, balki amaliyotda qo’llash qobiliyatlarini ham rivojlantiradilar, bu esa ularning ta’lim jarayonida muvaffaqiyatli bo’lishlariga yordam beradi. Fizika o‘qitishda bu yondashuv o‘quvchilarga murakkab tushunchalarni o‘zlashtirishda yordam beradi va ularning metakognitiv ko‘nikmalarini rivojlantirish imkonini beradi, chunki o‘quvchilar o‘z bilimlarini qanday qo‘llayotganliklari haqida o‘ylashadi va o‘zaro bog‘liqliklarni tushunishadi. Misol uchun, o‘quvchilar elektromagnit induksiya mavzusini o‘rganayotganda, yangi bilimlarni o‘zlarining ilgari o‘rgangan bilimlari bilan birlashtiradilar va bu faoliyatda o‘z bilimlarini tahlil qilishadi. Bu ularning elektromagnit induksiyani yanada chuqurroq tushunishlariga yordam beradi. Xulosa: metakognitsiya ta’lim sohasida muhim ahamiyatga ega bo‘lib, u o‘quvchilarning o‘z bilimlarini anglash va boshqarish qobiliyatlarini rivojlantirishga yordam beradi. Metakognitiv ko‘nikmalar orqali o‘quvchilar o‘z o‘rganish faoliyatlarini mustaqil ravishda boshqarish, o‘rganish strategiyalarini tanlash va qo‘llashda samarali bo‘lishadi. Bu ko‘nikmalar o‘quvchilarning ta’lim jarayonida mustaqil va ijodiy bo‘lishlarini ta’minlaydi, bu esa ularning umumiy ta’lim sifatini oshiradi. Fizika fanini o‘qitishda metakognitiv yondashuvlar juda muhimdir. Metakognitiv ko‘nikmalar o‘quvchilarga nazariy bilimlarni amaliyotda qo‘llash va murakkab tushunchalarni tushunishda yordam beradi. Bu yondashuvlar o‘quvchilarning tanqidiy fikrlash qobiliyatlarini rivojlantiradi, ular murakkab masalalarni mustaqil hal qilishda va yangi bilimlarni o‘zlashtirishda faol bo‘lishadi. Metakognitiv strategiyalar orqali o‘quvchilar o‘z o‘rganish faoliyatlarini samarali boshqarishni o‘rganadilar, bu esa ularning fizikaga bo‘lgan qiziqishlarini oshiradi.

Introduction: today, globally recognized scientific schools and prestigious universities are conducting consistent research on the implementation of metacognitive strategies in the educational process. Modern approaches aimed at developing students' independent thinking are widely used at the universities of Cambridge, Harvard, Stanford, Utrecht, and Melbourne, as well as in countries with advanced educational systems such as Finland, England, and Singapore. In physics, these approaches are implemented through thinking aloud, asking questions to yourself, keeping study diaries, reflecting on the lesson, and interacting with peers. They are an important factor in forming students' skills in understanding, analyzing, and independently choosing learning strategies. Objective: the main objective of this study is to increase students' understanding and improve self-control skills by developing their metacognitive activities in teaching physics in general education schools. Materials and methods: flavell divides metacognitive activities into two main parts: metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive control strategies. These two components are crucial in developing students' ability to understand and effectively manage their learning activities. Brown emphasizes the importance of metacognitive strategies in understanding and remembering educational material, such as self-questioning, inference, and the correlation of knowledge. Among the educational theories of Lev Vygotsky, his concept of the "Near Zone of Development" is closely related to metacognition. He believes that students learn best by solving problems that they cannot solve on their own, but which they can solve with the help of others. This activity provides an opportunity to develop students' metacognitive skills as they learn how to apply their knowledge and how to choose their strategies. Georgia Stephanou and Maria-Helena Neriontini proposed their metacognitive self-esteem model. In their models, they divide metacognition into three main parts: self-planning, monitoring, and evaluation. This model is important for understanding how learners perceive and effectively manage their learning activities. These theories are a valuable resource for a deeper understanding of the concept of metacognition and its role in education. Metacognition encompasses how an individual perceives, analyzes, and controls their knowledge, learning strategies, and learning activities. Discussion and results: this article analyzes modern approaches and methods that develop students' metacognitive activities in teaching physics. Starting from traditional lessons, various methods are considered, such as interactive, problem-based learning, and laboratory experiments. It also discusses how metacognitive knowledge and strategies can be applied in the educational process. An analysis of the conclusions based on the results of the experimental work conducted in the selected classrooms was considered. Through these methods, students not only reinforce their theoretical knowledge but also develop practical application skills, which helps them be successful in the educational process. This approach to teaching physics helps students master complex concepts and allows them to develop their metacognitive skills, as students reflect on how they apply their knowledge and understand the interconnections. For example, when students study the topic of electromagnetic induction, they combine new knowledge with their previously acquired knowledge and analyze their own knowledge in this activity. This helps them gain a deeper understanding of electromagnetic induction. Conclusion: metacognition is of great importance in the field of education, as it helps students develop their abilities to comprehend and manage their own knowledge. Through metacognitive skills, students become effective in independently managing their learning activities, selecting, and applying learning strategies. These skills ensure that students are independent and creative in the educational process, which enhances the overall quality of their education. Metacognitive approaches are crucial in teaching physics. Metacognitive skills help students apply theoretical knowledge in practice and understand complex concepts. These approaches develop students' critical thinking skills, making them more active in independently solving complex problems and acquiring new knowledge. Through metacognitive strategies, students learn to effectively manage their learning activities, which increases their interest in physics.