THE STUDY OF ADVERBS IN WORLD LINGUISTICS: SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES AND STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

APPROACHES AND STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

Atadjanova Markhabo Ilkhamovna

Teacher,

Department of English Language and Literature,

Urgench state university named after Abu Rayhan Biruni

marxabo@urdu.uz

Annotation. This article analyzes the study of adverbs in world linguistics in a historical-logical sequence. The interpretations given to versification within the framework of structural, generative and modern cognitive approaches, starting from the ancient Greek and Arabic schools of linguistics, are studied. At each stage, the views, theoretical approaches and developments of the main scientists are presented. The article serves to provide a deeper understanding of the place of parts of speech, in particular adverbs, in the history of linguistics.

Keywords: parts of speech, adverbs, scientific approaches, syntactic relations.

Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada dunyo lingvistikasida ravishlarning o‘rganilishi tarixiy-mantiqiy ketma-ketlikda tahlil qilinadi. Qadimgi Yunon va Arab tilshunoslik maktablaridan boshlab, strukturaviy, generativ va zamonaviy kognitiv yondashuvlar yetakchi olimlarning qarashlari, nazariy yondashuvlari va ilmiy ishlanmalari yoritiladi. Maqola so‘z turkumlari, xususan, ravishlarning tilshunoslik tarixidagi o‘rnini chuqurroq anglashga xizmat qiladi.

Kalit so‘zlar: so‘z turkumlari, ravishlar, ilmiy yondashuvlar, sintaktik munosabatlar.

Аннотация: В данной статье анализируется изучение наречий в мировой лингвистике в историко-логической последовательности. Рассматриваются трактовки версификации в рамках структурного, генеративного и современного когнитивного подходов, начиная с древнегреческих и арабских лингвистических школ. На каждом этапе представлены взгляды, теоретические подходы и научные разработки ведущих учёных. Статья способствует более глубокому пониманию роли частей речи, в частности наречий, в истории лингвистики.

Ключевые слова: части речи, наречия, научные подходы, синтаксические отношения.

INTRODUCTION

In linguistics, one of the most important issues is the identification of parts of speech and their scientific description. In this regard, the specific semantic, morphological and syntactic features of each word group require a separate analysis. One such group is the adverb, which stands out among language units with its complex semantic possibilities, free syntactic placement and multifunctional nature. Adverbs serve as a means of expressing the manner, time, place and degree of action in relation to a verb, adjective, other adverbs and even an entire sentence.

In the history of linguistics, views on adverbs have changed significantly over time: in the early periods it was considered as a syntactic auxiliary element, but later it was recognized as an independent morphological unit. Structural and generative approaches have made it possible to more clearly define the place of this word group in the grammatical system. Therefore, the scientific study, historical development and modern methods of analysis of adverbs remain a relevant issue for today's linguistics.

In this article, we will analyze the historical stages in the study of adverbs, consider the views of leading linguists, and try to show the role and functions of this word class in modern linguistics.

1. Ancient linguistics and the concept of adverbs. Representatives of ancient Greek linguistics, in particular Aristotle (4th century BC), divided words according to their function in a sentence and put forward the first views on adverbs. In his work “Poetics”, Aristotle discusses words that are dependent on the verb and determine the action. The Stoics, on the other hand, considered adverbs as a unit indicating how the action was carried out.

2. Analysis of adverbs in Arabic linguistics. The Arab linguist Sibawayh, who lived and worked in the 8th century, introduced the concept of ‘Ẓar’' in his work "AlKitab", which was used to refer to adverbs that indicate time and place. He saw the verb as a dependent case of the verb and clearly defined its location in the sentence.

3. Approaches in Renaissance and European grammar. In the Port-Royal grammar, created in the 16th –17th centuries, the adverb was defined as a unit indicating how the verb was performed. During this period, the analysis of word classes based on syntactic relations intensified. Wilhelm von Humboldt emphasized the role of adverbs in expressing human thought. In his opinion, words in a language are not only related to logical, but also to cultural and psychological processes, and adverbs are rich means of expression in this respect.

4. 19th–20th centuries: Comparative and structural approaches. Scholars such as F. Bopp and Y. Grimm studied the historical development of adverbs through the comparative method. They showed that in many languages, adverbs are formed from nouns or adjectives. F. de Saussure, on the other hand, considered the utterance as a structural unit and analyzed its place in the language system through paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships.

5. The utterance in the era of generative grammar. Noam Chomsky in his work “Syntactic Structures” (1957) evaluates the utterance as an ‘adjunct’ element of a sentence. That is, it is considered as a means of expanding the content of a sentence, without being an obligatory component. Modern scholars such as Jackendoff, Leech, Z. Harris have deeply analyzed the semantic types of utterances (locative, temporal, modal, intensifier).

6. Modern approaches: functional and cognitive approaches. Within the framework of M. A. Halliday’s functional linguistics model, the utterance is seen as a means of regulating the flow of information. It is one of the units that affect the themerheme of a sentence. In cognitive linguistics, utterances are interpreted as conceptual units that express spatial and temporal orientation in human thinking. Also, the use, frequency, and combinatorial properties of adverbs in real speech are being studied based on corpus linguistics.

CONCLUSION

The place of adverbs in linguistics has been gradually clarified based on different periods and scientific approaches. While ancient Greek and Arabic linguists analyzed this word class as a means of determining action, in later periods its morphological and syntactic features were studied in more depth. Linguists of the 19th –20th centuries characterized adverbs based on historical, comparative and structural approaches. In modern linguistics, adverbs are widely studied in semantic, pragmatic and functional aspects. In particular, the cognitive approach reveals important aspects related to the role of adverbs in speech, their connection with human perception and their conceptual map. Adverbs, undoubtedly, serve as an incomparable tool for clarifying the content, clarifying it and enriching the context in any language.

REFERENCES

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