Shahar arxitekturasini bionika usuli yordamida loyihlash.

Shahar arxitekturasini bionika usuli yordamida loyihlash.

Davlatov Diyor Dilshodovich

Termiz muhandislik va texnologiya instituti

Arxitektura (turlaribo’yicha) 3-kurs talabasi

Anotatsiya: Inson qadimdan o’zining arxitektura – qurilish faoliyatida ongli va intuitiv ravishda jonli tabiatga murojaat etgan va tabiat uning turli muammolarini hal qilishda yordam bergan. “ Bionika” atamasi yunoncha – bios so’zidan kelib chiqqan bo’lib, “hayot” degan ma’noni anglatad. “Nika” so’zi elektronikadan olingan bo’lib, ilm-fan sohasida yangi atama sifatida yo’nalish ochdi. Maqolaning asosiy mazmuni bionika nimani anglatishi bu fanning kelib chiqishi va hozirgi kunda qo’llanishiga oid ma’lumotlarni berishdan iborat.

Kalit so’zlar: Tabiat, bionika, bino, inshoot, qurilish.

Bionika – bu tabiatdagi strukturalar, jarayonlar va tizimlardan ilhomlanib, yangi materiallar va texnologiyalarni yaratish orqali muammolarni hal qilish usulidir. Shaharlar arxitekturasini loyihalashda bionikaning o'rni juda muhimdir, chunki bu yondashuv tabiiy tizimlarning samaradorligini va estetik go'zalligini inobatga oladi. Quyida bionikaning shahar arxitekturasiga ta'siri haqida ba'zi jihatlarni keltirib o'taman:

1. Energiya samaradorligi: Bionik dizayn ko'pincha energiya samaradorligini oshirishga qaratilgan. Masalan, o'simliklarning fotosintez jarayonidan ilhomlanib yaratilgan binolar quyosh energiyasidan maksimal darajada foydalanishi mumkin.

2. Tabiat bilan integratsiya: Bionika yordamida arxitektorlar shaharlar va tabiiy muhit o'rtasidagi chegaralarni yumshatishga muvaffaq bo'lishadi. Bu esa yashil joylar, bog'lar va suv havzalari kabi tabiiy elementlarni shahar infratuzilmasiga qo'shishga imkon yaratadi.

3. Materiallardan foydalanish: Bionik dizayn orqali yangi materiallar ishlab chiqilishi mumkin. Masalan, tabiiy materiallardan ilhomlanib yaratilgan bio-ijodiy strukturalar, binolarning mustahkamligi va uzoq muddatli xizmatini ta'minlaydi.

4. Ijtimoiy interaktsiya: Bionik yondashuv ijtimoiy muammolarni hal qilishda ham yordam beradi. Tabiatdagi ijtimoiy tizimlarni o'rganish orqali arxitektorlar jamoa uchun qulay bo'lgan joylarni yaratishda yangicha yondashuvlarni qo'llashlari mumkin.

5. Klimatik sharoitlarga moslashish: Tabiatda mavjud bo'lgan moslashuvchanlik mexanizmlaridan foydalangan holda binolarni loyihalash orqali ularni turli iqlim sharoitlariga moslashtirish mumkin.

6. Estetika va dizayn: Bionik elementlardan foydalanish binolarga o'ziga xos estetika berishi mumkin, bu esa shaharlarning vizual ko'rinishini yaxshilaydi.

Xulosa qilib aytganda, bionika shahar arxitekturasida innovatsiyalar kiritishga yordam beradigan kuchli vosita hisoblanadi. Bu nafaqat ekologik barqarorlikni ta'minlashga, balki insonlarning hayoti sifatini oshirishga ham qaratilgan yondashuvdir.

Arxitekturaviy bionika ikkiyoqlama (tabiat+arxitektura) bo‘lgani uchun amalda ikki ob’yekt – tabiat va arxitektura modellashtiriladi. Shuning uchun modelli tajriba natijalari ham tabiiy, ham arxitekturaviy ob’yektlarga ekstrapolyatsiyalanadi. Tabiatga ekstrapolyatsiya qilish bir tomondan, tirik tabiatning arxitekturaviybionik jihatdan anglanishini rivojlantirish, boshqa tomondan esa biologlar uchun ularning arxitektorlar bilan muloqot olib borishlariga to‘g‘ri keladi. Ekstrapolyatsiyaning nazariy asoslanishlari – bu istalgan modelli tajribaning mohiyatini yoritishdagi zaruriy tarkibiy qismdir. Modellashtirishdagi fizik modelning biologik modelga munosabati, ikkinchi tomondan esa fizik modelning belgilangan ob’yektga – arxitekturaga munosabatidir.

Fizik modellashtirishning nazariy asosi bo‘lib, o‘xshashlik nazariyasi bo‘lishi kerak. Arxitekturaviy shakllarni konstruksiyalash bilan bog‘langan bu vaziyatda mexanik harakatga mansub bo‘lgan o‘xshashlik nazariyasi ko‘zda tutiladi. O‘xshashlik nazariyasi ta’rifiga shunday tizimlarning sifat jihatdan bir xilligi haqidagi cheklash shartlari kiritiladi: “Fizik jarayonlar bir-birlariga o‘xshash bo‘lishlari uchun ular sifat jihatdan bir xilda bo‘lishlarining, ularning bir xil nomdagi belgilovchi mezonlari esa bir xil qiymatga ega bo‘lishlari zarur va shuning o‘zi yetarlidir”. Mana shunday nazariyaning amaldagi asoschisi bo‘lib Galiley ko‘rsatiladi. Uning asosiy g‘oyasi mexanik tizimlarning geometrik munosabatlari va fizik xossalarining yaxlitligini tasdiqlashda bo‘lib, bu arxitekturaviy-konstruktiv modellashtirishda va italiyalik injener P.L.Nervi tomonidan o‘rnatilgan “shakl bo‘yicha qarshilik qiluvchanlik” tamoyilini hayotgan joriy etishda o‘ta qimmatlidir. Arxitekturaviy-bionik modellashtirishda nafaqat fizik xossalar, balki ham mexanik harakat bilan, shaklni va uning estetik xossalarini anglash-katta ahamiyatga ega bo‘ladi. Masalan, biz daraxt bargi yoki gul bargining kichik o‘lchamlariga o‘rganganmiz, arxitekturada esa ular birdaniga yuzlab oraliq yopmalari vositasida o‘ta ulkan ko‘rinishga ega bo‘lib qoladi. Shuning uchun tabiiy ob’yektlarni modellashtirish amaliyoti barcha vaziyatlarda mexanik hodisalarning nisabatan cheklangan doirasidan chetga chiqadi va o‘xshashlikning ancha abstrakt (mavhum) nazariyasi shakllariga - o‘tadi. Izomorfizm va undan ancha umumiyroq bo‘lgan gomomorfizm tushunchalarini aynan bir xillik emas, balki o‘xshashlik munosabatlarini ko‘zda tutuvchi analoglarning shaklga keltirilgan, aniqlashtirilgan turlari sifatida olib qarash mumkin.

Izomorfizm mana shunday tizimlarning yagona belgili (ikki tomonlamalik) o‘zaro aloqadorliklarning mosligini bildiradi, garchi bu yerda izomorfizm tushunchasi nisbiy bo‘lsa-da, u tahlil davomida ajratib olingan elementlar va aloqalar uchungina qat’iy bo‘ladi. Gomomorfizm esa izomorfizmga nisbatan taqqoslaganda ancha kamroq o‘xshashlik vaziyatlarini bildiradi. Agar fotografiya va uning negativi – bu izomorfizmning yaxshigina namunasi bo‘lsa, u holda joy va uning geografik xaritasi gomomorfizm namunasi sanaladi. Biroq, izomorfizm ham, gomomorfizm ham narsalarning bir turdagi aloqalariga asoslanadi. Izomorfizm asosi bo‘lib tabiat turli sohalarining – mexanik, elektrik, termodinamik, issiqlik va shu xildagi qonunlari matematik shakllarining aynan o‘xshashligi sanaladi. Biroq, arxitekturada tirik narsalarning modellarini shaklga keltirishga doir matematik ifodalardan foydalanish arxitekturada o‘zining ob’yektiv qonuniyatlari sohasi bilan cheklanadi. Shu bilan birga yoddan chiqarmaslik ham kerakki, estetik munosabatlarning asosida hayotning ob’yektiv qonuniyatlari yotadi, shuning uchun naturaviy ob’yektlar ko‘lamidan fizik modellar ko‘lamiga, keyin esa arxitekturaviy ob’yektlarga o‘tishda matematik modellardan foydalanish arxitekturaviy bionikaning barcha sohalarida o‘ta samaralidir.

Matematik metodlardan foydalanish bilan tirik tabiat va arxitekturaning ancha ahamiyatli, funksional jarayonlarini modellashtirish mumkin.Bu yerda umumiy asos bo‘lib energetik jarayonlar sanalishi mumkin. Arxitekturaviy bionikada modellashtirishning bionik tajriba bosqichida shuningdek, tirik tabiatning funksional, fe’l-atvor jarayonlarini yaratish mumkin. Modellashtirishning har ikkala yo‘nalishlari ham dialektik jihatdan qarama-qarshi bo‘lsada, baribir o‘z o‘rniga ega bo‘ladigan funksiya va tuzilmaning o‘zaro aloqalariga asoslanadi. Natijada mana shunday o‘zaro harakat tirik originalni ekstrapolyatsiya qilish va uning shaklini yaratish imkonini yaratadi, ya’ni, modelda turli darajadagi ishonchlilik bilan tirik organizm fe’l-atvorining mumkin bo‘lgan variantlarini aniqlashga imkon beradi. Tabiiyki, bunda maksimal darajadagi ishonchlilikka intilishi lozim, aks holda butun arxitekturaviy-bionik modellashtirishning ma’nosi yo‘qoladi va arxitekturaviy-bionik tadqiqotlarning maqsadga muvofiqligi haqidagi masalani dolzarb ravishda qo‘yayotgan sub’ektiv omil ustivorlikka ega bo‘lib oladi. Bularning barchasi salbiy xulosalarni olish ehtimolini va uning foydasini hisobdan chiqarmaydi. Funksiyalar va tuzilmaning o‘zaro aloqadorligiga dialektik nuqtai-nazar ham tajribaviy, ham natijaviy modellashtirishda modellashtirilayotgan jarayonlarni bashoratlash imkoniyatiga keng yo‘l ochadi.

Xulosa. Xulosa qilib aytadigan bo’lsak arxitekturaning va atrofimizdagi barcha narsa va hodisalarning tabiat bilan aloqadorligi mavjud. Arxitekturaning tabiat bilan uyg’unlashuvi esa binolarning ko’rinishida ijobiylik va noodatiylikni o’zida aks ettiradi.

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