REACTION TO THE HISTORY OF THE INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT IN THE FIRST YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE IN UZBEKISTAN

UZBEKISTAN

Abdukamolova Mohlaroy Shukhratjon qizi

Teacher of the Department of World History of Fergana State University

mohlaroyabdukamolova@gmail.com

+998911194846

Abstract: Our country Uzbekistan is located in Central Asia, gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 after more than seven decades of incorporation into the Soviet system. The momentous event marked the beginning of a new era for the Uzbek people, as they embarked on a journey towards selfdetermination and nation-building. This article explores the reactions to the history of the Uzbekistan independence movement in the first years of independence, shedding light on the challenges faced and the milestones achieved during this critical period.

Keywords: independence movement, Uzbekistan, Soviet Union, selfdetermination, sovereignty, historical background, dissent, democratic movements, declaration of independence, challenges of transition, nation-building.

To understand the reaction to the history of the independence movement in Uzbekistan, it is essential to delve into the historical context that shaped the path towards self-rule. This section provides an overview of Uzbekistan's incorporation into the Soviet Union, highlighting the key events and circumstances that led to the birth of the independence movement. The declaration of independence on September 1, 1991, was an extraordinary and historic moment for the Uzbek people. This section discusses the immediate reactions and emotions felt by the citizens as they celebrated their newfound freedom. It explores the euphoria, hope, and expectations that permeated the nation during the first days and weeks of independence. The journey to independence was not without obstacles. Uzbekistan faced numerous challenges in the early years of statehood, including cultural, economic, and political transformations. This section delves into the difficulties faced by the government and the people of Uzbekistan as they sought to establish a cohesive national identity and build the foundations of a modern nation.

As a result of an armed invasion of Russian troops in the 60-ies of the 19th century the Kokand Khanate was abolished and the Turkestan Governor-Generalship was established on July 11, 1867. The Emirate of Bukhara and the Khiva Khanate received the status of a protectorate. Power was concentrated in the hands of the governor-general, who carried out all the military and civil administration. The new government focused on the agricultural sector of Uzbekistan economy: it resulted in the cotton growth for the needs of Russian industry. Gin houses and cottonseed oil mills were built, mining operations began, the Trans-Caspian railway was built, which connected Central Asia with European part of Russia. In the autumn of 1917, the Soviet power was proclaimed. Turkestan was granted the status of the Soviet Republic within the RSFSR. Nationalists, disagreed with this decision, went to the mountains, from where started a fierce guerrilla war for the sovereignty of their native land. From 1917 to 1921 in Central Asia there was a struggle between guerillas and troops of the Red Army, which ended with the victory of the Soviet Union. In 1924 five new republics within the USSR were established, including the Uzbek SSR, which existed until 1991. In the first years of the Soviet power in Uzbekistan many measures were directed to the liquidation of illiteracy and construction of schools. At the same time the traditional life style and culture were destroyed. In the 30-ies of the 20th century an active industrialization of Uzbekistan took place: large plants and fabrics of light and heavy industry were constructed, new cities were built near these plants, and old cities were reconstructed. During that period Uzbekistan suffered from Stalin’s political repressions: among the victims there were leading politicians and cultural figures of Uzbekistan. During the World War II of 1941-1945 the male population of the republics of the Soviet Union were taken to the front and the most important enterprises and people were evacuated to the republics of Central Asia, including Uzbekistan. During this period, Tashkent became a kind of evacuation center, which gave a shelter to refugees from the whole Soviet Union, and was called the City of Bread and the City of Friendship of Nations. In 1966 a heavy earthquake in Tashkent destroyed the major part of the old city. In this connection the city was rebuilt in the Soviet style by the architects, coming from all over the USSR. In 1977 the Tashkent metro was put into operation. It was the first metro in Central Asia.

Since 1991, the Republic of Uzbekistan has been developing as an independent state. A number of tasks have been set before this government. First, not only to declare constitutional independence, but to show it to the people in practice, to be loyal to basic ideas, principles. Secondly, the promotion of a state based on the principles of a democratic society and the pursuit of foreign policy on the basis of equal partnership. Uzbekistan has undergone its development through reforms in all socioeconomic and political developments, called the "Uzbek model". Significant changes have taken place with the establishment of foreign policy. Our government has legally endorsed its foreign policy priorities by studying and analyzing various options for the social progress of the world. Particularly, Article 17 of Foreign Policy, Section 4 of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, states: The Republic of Uzbekistan is a fullfledged subject of international relations. Its foreign policy is based on sovereign equality, non-use or threat of force, inviolability of borders, and peaceful resolution of disputes, non-interference in other internal affairs, and other universally recognized rules and norms of international law. The Republic may form alliances, join the unions and other intergovernmental structures and withdraw from the state to ensure the highest interests, welfare and security of the people ". The "Uzbek model" defines the main strategic direction of many aspects of foreign policy. In this regard, the first President of Uzbekistan on the difficult situation of independence, I.Karimov, said: "I read in a book an exemplary story ... Amir Temur conquered the half world, went to remote forest tribes, and eventually subjugated them to Caesar and the commander of the tribal leader, a militant, free and sincere, gave his weapons to Timur, saying, "O Temur! You defeated us with the power of arms. But we have the conditions to tell you. If you are a barber, cut us off, if you are a merchant, buy it if you are a king. " ... There is a great wisdom in this story. That is to say, the people should become the guardian of the people, the head of the people, and become aware of the hot cold of the people " (A lecture delivered in Tashkent on February 24, 1990, attended by representatives of the USSR, the Uzbek SSR and local Soviets of People's Deputies and the public).1 In response to social political processes, a number of state-run changes have taken place since the first days of independence. In particular, the decree was issued on 27 August 1991 as confirmation of the independence of the Uzbek SSR President in the country. In order to protect the interests of the republic, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the State Security Committee have been legally subordinated to the Uzbek SSR. In addition, the internal troops of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs located in the Republic of Uzbekistan were directly subordinate to the President of the Uzbek SSR. On the day of the next popular day - on August 31, 1991 at the Sixth Session of the Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, Islam Karimov solemnly proclaimed independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Through the history of this political significance, the people began to restore confidence in their future, began to see their children and their family's peace, and began to be deeply grateful to the principles of humanism and good morals. At the same time, the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Establishment of the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Uzbekistan" and other important documents were signed on September 5 on the name of the square named after V. Lenin in Tashkent, signed on September 5th. Important dates in recent years: The Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan on December 8, 1992, the Concept of further deepening democratic reforms and establishing civil society in the country on November 12, 2010, and every year, has adopted all the desires of Uzbek citizens. "The Independence and Prosperity of Uzbekistan", "Uzbekistan Towards a Great Future", "Uzbekistan is Going to the XXI Century", "Towards the Independence of Uzbekistan", "Serving the Motherland in the Way of the Future and Great Future" is the highest happiness. ", and in his lectures and speeches, he has widely and publicly clarified how the people of Uzbekistan pursued the goals and societies they founded. Creating a decent standard of living for all people living in the country, including nationality, language and religion, by introducing a multi-property market economy, as well as securing a guaranteed standard of living and freedom, as in developed democracies, is the essence of our government's policy.

The political arena in the first years of independence witnessed significant changes. This section explores the reactions to the establishment of the new political system in Uzbekistan, including the adoption of a new constitution, the formation of political parties, and the presidential elections. It also sheds light on the role of key political figures and their contributions to the shaping of the country's future. Economic reforms played a crucial role in the early years of independence, as Uzbekistan transitioned from a centrally planned economy to a market-oriented one. This section discusses the reactions to the introduction of structural changes, privatization, and foreign investments. It also explores the impact of these reforms on the lives of ordinary citizens, including unemployment, inequality, and poverty alleviation measures. The international community's response to Uzbekistan's independence was significant. This section analyzes the reactions of foreign nations and multilateral organizations to Uzbekistan's secession from the Soviet Union. It explores the dynamics of regional relations, emphasizing the importance of establishing diplomatic ties, trade agreements, and overall cooperation. Uzbekistan boasts a rich cultural heritage and a unique national identity. This section discusses the reactions to the preservation and promotion of Uzbek culture and traditions in the first years of independence. It highlights the efforts made by the government to protect the country's heritage, support cultural institutions, and revive ancient customs. The first years of independence were marked by a concerted effort to build a national identity grounded in Uzbek history, culture, and language. The government made substantial investments in historical preservation and restoration projects, reviving ancient cities and architectural wonders. The Uzbek language was promoted as the primary language of instruction in schools, and the teaching of Uzbek history and literature was emphasized. In the early years of independence, the political landscape of Uzbekistan underwent significant changes. Islam Karimov, a former Communist Party official, became the country's first president and played a crucial role in shaping the nation's political direction. The establishment of a presidential system granted extensive powers to the president, leading to debates about the balance of power and the need for checks and balances. Uzbekistan's independence had implications not only domestically but also in the realm of international relations. The country established diplomatic ties with other nations and pursued a policy of neutrality, aiming to maintain good relations with both Western and Eastern powers. Uzbekistan actively participated in regional organizations, such as the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), to promote regional cooperation and stability.

The first years of independence in Uzbekistan were marked by a plethora of reactions, both positive and negative, as the country embarked on its path to nationbuilding. Despite the challenges faced, the Uzbek people showed resilience, determination, and a strong desire to preserve their cultural heritage while embracing progress and change. The history of the independence movement in Uzbekistan serves as an important reminder of the significance of self-determination and the strength of a united people in shaping their nation's destiny. The history of the independence movement in Uzbekistan's first years of independence reflects a period of significant transformation and diverse reactions. The journey towards independence was characterized by challenges, hopes, and aspirations. The political, economic, and cultural changes shaped the nation's identity and set the course for its future development. As Uzbekistan continues to grow and evolve, understanding the reactions and responses to the history of the independence movement provides valuable insights into the nation's progress and challenges on its path to prosperity and stability. The independence movement in the first years of independence in Uzbekistan marked a significant turning point in the country's history. It paved the way for the development of a sovereign nation, with its own political, economic, and social systems. While there were challenges and uncertainties during the transition, Uzbekistan made considerable strides in building a national identity, establishing democratic institutions, and creating a market-oriented economy. The seeds of independence that were planted in the early years continue to shape the nation's trajectory, as Uzbekistan strives for progress, stability, and prosperity.

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