THE ROLE OF FRENCH LOANWORDS WITHIN THE ENGLISH LEXICON PERTAINING TO FASHION AND CLOTHING

LEXICON PERTAINING TO FASHION AND CLOTHING

Muhammadalieva Sevarakhon Sodirjon kizi

Student

Department of English Linguistics

The National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek

sevaramuhammadaliyeva1@gmail.com

+998914064864

Scientific adviser: Dadajonova A.K.

Annotation:

The English language boasts a rich and diverse history, significantly shaped by the influx of words borrowed from other languages. "The Role of French Loanwords within the English Lexicon Pertaining to Fashion and Clothing" is underscored by the significant influence of French culture and language on the English lexicon, particularly in the realm of fashion and clothing. As global fashion trends continue to evolve and intermingle, understanding the origins and implications of these loanwords becomes increasingly relevant. French has historically been associated with elegance, sophistication, and style, making its vocabulary particularly prominent in discussions about fashion. The integration of French terms into English reflects not only linguistic adaptation but also cultural exchange and the evolution of fashion as a form of expression. On this line French borrowings stand out with their quantity and usage in the language. Specially fashion related French borrowings were integral to the fabric of English clothing related terms and still continue to shape its dynamic nature.

Keywords: borrowing, Gallicisms, French loanwords, Middle English period, fashion, 19th century, haute couture.

Annotatsiya:

Ingliz tili boy va xilma-xil tarixga ega boʻlib, boshqa tillardan oʻzlashtirilgan soʻzlarning kirib kelishi natijasida sezilarli darajada shakllangan. Ingliz tilining moda va kiyim-kechakka oid lug‘atida fransuzcha oʻzlashma so‘zlarning roli ingliz madaniyati va tilining ingliz lugʻatiga, xususan, moda va kiyim sohasiga sezilarli taʼsiri bilan taʼkidlanadi. Global moda tendentsiyalari rivojlanishda va aralashishda davom etar ekan, bu oʻzlashma soʻzlarning kelib chiqishi va ahamiyatini tushunish tobora dolzarb boʻlib bormoqda. Fransuz tili tarixan nafislik, noziklik va uslub bilan bogʻliq boʻlib kelgan, bu esa uning lugʻatini moda haqidagi muhokamalarda ayniqsa koʻzga tashlanarli qiladi. Fransuz atamalarining ingliz tiliga integratsiyalashuvi nafaqat lingvistik moslashuvni, balki madaniy almashinuvni va modaning oʻzini ifoda etish shakli sifatida evolyutsiyasini ham aks ettiradi.Shu qatorda fransuzcha oʻzlashmalar oʻzining miqdori va tilda qoʻllanilishi bilan ajralib turadi. Ayniqsa, moda bilan bogʻliq fransuzcha oʻzlashmalar ingliz tilidagi kiyim-kechak atamalarining asosiy qismini tashkil etgan va hanuzgacha uning dinamik xususiyatini shakllantirishda davom etmoqda.

Kalit so‘zlar: o‘zlashma so‘zlar, Gallisizmlar, fransuz olinma so‘zlar, O‘rta Asr ingliz tili, moda, XIX asr, haute couture (yuqori darajadagi moda)

Аннотация:

Английский язык обладает богатой и разнообразной историей, значительно сформированной притоком слов, заимствованных из других языков. Значение французских заимствований в английском лексиконе, относящемся к моде и одежде, подчеркивается значительным влиянием французской культуры и языка на английский словарь, особенно в сфере моды и одежды. По мере того как мировые модные тенденции продолжают развиваться и смешиваться, понимание происхождения и значения этих заимствований становится все более актуальным. Французский исторически ассоциируется с элегантностью, изысканностью и стилем, что делает его лексику особенно заметной в обсуждениях о моде. Интеграция французских терминов в английский язык отражает не только лингвистическую адаптацию, но и культурный обмен и эволюцию моды как формы самовыражения.

Ключевые слова: заимствования, галлицизмы, французские заимствования, среднеанглийский период, мода (moda), XIX век, От-кутюр, haute Couture.

English is one of the languages that borrowings comprise the biggest percentage of the vocabulary. Statistics illustrate that almost 80% of words in English were borrowed over the years [1]. However, Philip Durkin states that exact ifigures and percentages are problematic for various reasons [2;27]. According to him, such figures can only refer to a particular period: the proportions in contemporary English will not at all be the same as those in sixteenth- or seventeenth-century English, for example. Secondly, we must consider whose English we are talking about, American or British. Once we have decided which registers, varieties, and others we want to take into account, we have the practical problem of arriving at a wordlist. Fourthly, once we have our wordlist, we have the problem of assessing and classifying etymologies, deciding which words are borrowed and which are not.

Even without giving an exact number about the percentage of loanwords, it can still be said that borrowings have a significant influence on the English vocabulary. We use them every day, everywhere, even not knowing they are originally borrowings.

Celtic, Latin, and Scandinavian were the main languages that introduced many new words to the English lexicon during the Old English period; however, by the Middle English period, the number of donating languages has sensibly increased. As a result of the Norman Conquest in 1065, French began its dominance in the field of giving words to English, along with Latin and Scandinavian. The Norman Conquest put the English in second place, French words began appearing in different aspects of life. As more people learned to speak French, the more English got affected by bilingualism. Words related to law, government, military, cuisine, goods…were borrowed.

Norman influence can also be seen in grammatical and phonological aspects of the English language. Many spelling and pronunciation changes came along with French borrowings. By the beginning of the 15th century, English spelling was a mixture of two systems, Old English and French [3;9].

The French influence was especially huge in the vocabulary of 13th century English. Over 10000 new words were introduced into English and these words mainly related to the fields of law, administration, art, and fashion. Over 70 per cent of the words were nouns, a large number of which were abstract terms, constructed using such new French affixes as con-, trans-, pre-, -ance, -tion, and –ment. Circa 75 per cent of these words are still in the modern language.

Philip Durkin showed some statistical numbers of the etymology of Middle English French borrowings. According to him, French etymologies made up 20 % of the whole number, whereas 15% referred only to Latin and 13% were made up from both languages [4; 256-257].

The Early Modern English was also highly affected by French borrowings through the Renaissance. Along with other European languages English continued taking words from French. Words in the fields of government, military and food were introduced. The 17th century was significant in the history of the French loans as the period in matters of literature and social communication. In the 18th century, food and cooking continued to engage French borrowings. The 19th century was a rich century in borrowing French words. These included the usual military terms those relating to art and letters, textiles and furniture.[5;376].

If we dive deeper into the English vocabulary, we may realize the number of everyday words own French origin. One of the themes French introduced many words is undoubtedly the topic of fashion and clothing. Since the early beginning of the Middle English period, English borrowed many fashion-related words so that we may not recognize them as French borrowing, and most of them have already become part of the English lexicon. Beginning with the word fashion, the word was used in English for many years, and does not have an exact equivalent. Inherited from Middle English facioun, from Anglo-Norman fechoun, a variant of Old French faceon, fazon, façon, stands for the most general term and applies to any way of dressing, behaving, writing, or performing that is favored at any one time or place.

Other examples of French fashion-realted borrowings from Middle English:

- bracelet: from Old French bracelet, diminutive form of bras (“arm”); a chain or band, usually made of metal, which you wear around your wrist as jewellery;

- button: from Middle English boton, botoun, from Old French boton; a knob or disc that is passed through a loop or (buttonhole), serving as a fastener;

- coat: from Middle English cote, coate, cotte, from Old French cote, cotte; an outer garment with sleeves, worn outdoors and typically extending below the hips;

- collar: from Middle English coler, borrowed from Old French coler (Modern French collier); the part of an upper garment (shirt, jacket, ...) that fits around the neck and throat, especially if sewn from a separate piece of fabric, a decorative band or other fabric around the neckline;

- diamond: from Middle English dyamaunt, from Old French diamant, from Late Latin diamas; a precious stone consisting of a clear and colourless crystalline form of pure carbon, the hardest naturally occurring substance;

- dress: (as a verb) from Middle English dressen, dresse (“to arrange, put in order”), from Anglo-Norman, Old French dresser, drecier (modern French dresser), noun is derived from verb; a piece of clothing that covers the top half of the body and hangs down over the legs, usually worn by women and girls;

-embroidery: late Middle English: from Anglo-Norman French enbrouderie, from enbrouder ‘embroider’; decoration of cloth or clothing with patterns or pictures consisting of stitches that are sewn directly onto the material;

-jewellery: from Middle English juelrye, from Old French juelerye, equivalent to jewel + -ry; personal ornaments, such as necklaces, rings, or bracelets, that are typically made from or contain jewels and precious metal;

-lace: from Middle English lace, laace, las, from Old French las; a string that you use to fasten openings, especially in shoes, by putting it through two lines of small holes and tying the ends together;

-satchel: from Middle English sachel, from Old French sachel, from Late Latin sacellum; a bag or case with one or two shoulder straps, especially used to carry books;

-skirt: from Middle English skyrte, from Old Norse skyrta; An article of clothing, usually worn by women and girls, that hangs from the waist and covers the lower part of the body;

For many centuries French affected every aspect of English: its grammar, pronunciation and mainly vocabulary. It is estimated that almost 45 % of words in English own French origin or we call them French borrowings. French stands in the first place among other donor languages of English. Now we use these words in every aspect of the English or we have been using them for centuries. Borrowings can be related to different topics: law, military, art, literature, food and cuisine and others. Especially the world of fashion has strongly impacted by French borrowings and Gallicisms.

Gallicisms are words or expressions that originate from or are borrowed from the French language. They can be single words, phrases, or even idioms that have been adopted into other languages, including English. Gallicisms often add a touch of sophistication or elegance to language, and they can be particularly useful for expressing certain concepts or ideas that may not have direct equivalents in other languages. However, it's important to use Gallicisms appropriately and with awareness of their cultural connotations. Overusing them or using them incorrectly can sometimes lead to misunderstandings or unintended humour.

The usage and acceptance of Gallicisms can vary depending on the specific context and the level of formality. Gallicisms and French borrowings are closely related, but they are not entirely equivalent. There is a fine line between them.

French borrowings: a broad term encompassing any word or phrase adopted from French into another language. They can be fully integrated into the target language's grammar and pronunciation, may also lose their original French meaning or acquire new connotations, whereas Gallicisms are a specific type of French borrowings which retain some of their original French pronunciation and spelling. They often carry a connotation of sophistication, elegance, or foreignness. Today, we use a number of Gallicisms, especially as fashion vocabulary, due to their significant role in shaping global style, particularly in the realm of fashion.

French fashion has a rich history that dates back centuries. It was in the 17th century that the concept of fashion as we know it today began to take shape in France. The court of Louis XIV became a hub of style, and fashion started to be seen as a form of artistic expression. Since 17th century French fashion became affecting global style and fashion exploded as a rich industry. After introducing the term haute couture in the 1860s, fashion industry witnessed new openings in the way styling and clothing.

-haute couture: French, literally ‘high dressmaking, sewing’; the designing and making of high-quality fashion clothes, or to the clothes themselves;

-prêt-à-porter: ready-to-wear clothes; clothes that are produced in standard sizes and not made to fit a particular person; the term began used in the 1930s;

-greige (goods): raw, unprocessed and unfinished woven fabric taken directly from a loom. Greige goods are the direct product of weaving when the fabric is still in its natural state and has yet to be bleached, dyed, coated or otherwise finished;

-peau de soie: mid-19th century: French, literally ‘skin of silk’; a soft, satinweave cloth of silk or rayon, grainy and having a dull luster, used to make dresses, coats, trimmings;

-avant-garde: late Middle English (denoting the vanguard of an army): from French, literally ‘vanguard (The forefront of an action or movement)’. Current senses date from the early 20th century; with roots in military terminology as the forefront of an advancing army, today signifies progressive and experimental movements across fashion, art, culture, and literature, challenging traditional boundaries and conventions. Its goal is to forge new perspectives and means of expression, standing in contrast to mainstream currents;

-démodé: early 19th century: French, past participle of démoder ‘go out of fashion’; no longer in fashion, out of date, outmoded;

French fashion continuously reinvents itself while staying true to its core values of elegance and timelessness. Stripes, berets, the little black dress, and tailored blazers are just a few examples of French-style staples that have influenced the global fashion scene. On this long way process, every new detail, every invention on the industry invents new meaning to the rate of terms which will enrich the vocabulary of the French language that consequently may be borrowed by many other languages. So, it can be reckoned that as long as the French fashion industry continues to transform and grow, the lexicon of French, also the number of French borrowings in English, will continue to add new words to its vocabulary.

THE LIST OF USED LITERATURE

1. What Percent Of English Words Are Derived From Latin? - Dictionary.com

2. Dunkin Ph. Borrowed words. - OUP, 2014, P.27; 256-257 pp.

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